STOCK LOOK – LECICO EGYPT (LCSW) technical & financial Outlook on a DAILY timeframe, AND Market Comparison & Performance Metrics.

LECICO EGYPT LCSW Mckvay Chart April 14, 2025
Friday Payday Report: Market Maker Playbook

Price Action & Trend Analysis

Stock: LECICO EGYPT (LCSW)

  • Timeframe: Daily (1D)
  • Current Price: 25.670
  • Change: -0.27% (-0.070)
  • High of the Day: 26.090
  • Low of the Day: 25.470

Trend Overview:

The stock has been in a downtrend since early March, with a significant decline from a high near 32.700.

Key Moving Averages:

  • 50-day SMA: ~26.740
  • 100-day SMA: ~26.543
  • 200-day SMA: ~29.252 & 29.033 (Resistance Levels)

Price is trading below key moving averages, indicating strong bearish momentum.


Volume & Order Flow Analysis

  • Volume: 274.47K (Moderate Trading Activity)
  • Volume Footprint: Selling pressure is significantly higher than buying, as shown by the red-dominant volume bars.
  • Large sell deltas:
    • March 26: -371.42K
    • March 27: -101.75K
  • Limited buy orders: Visible at lower price levels, confirming weak demand.

Technical Indicators

A. Momentum & Strength Indicators

  • MACD (Moving Average Convergence Divergence): The MACD line is below the signal line, indicating a bearish trend continuation.
  • Relative Strength Index (RSI): RSI currently around 25.233 (Oversold Zone). A bounce may occur, but confirmation is needed.

B. Market Sentiment Indicators

  • Bearish/Bullish Cycles: The “Bear” labels indicate strong selling momentum, and multiple red-highlighted areas signal periods of bearish activity.
  • Stochastic Oscillator: Stochastic is in the oversold region, meaning a potential short-term rebound could happen. Needs confirmation before entering long positions.

Support & Resistance Levels

  • Resistance Levels:
    • Short-term: 26.740 (50-SMA), 26.543 (100-SMA)
    • Medium-term: 29.252, 29.033 (200-SMA)
    • Major Resistance: 32.700 (Last Significant High)
  • Support Levels:
    • Immediate: 25.470 (Today’s Low)
    • Key Support: 25.000 (Psychological Support)

Market Comparison & Performance Metrics

  • LCSW Performance Against Major Indices:
    • 1W: -5.39%
    • 1M: -19.20%
    • 3M: -21.52%
    • YTD: -15.90%
    • 5Y: +1289.07% (Long-term Bullish)
  • Comparison with EGX 30 Index:
    • EGX 30 (1W): -1.39%
    • EGX 30 (1M): +2.40%

    LCSW is underperforming compared to EGX 30, showing weak relative strength.


Conclusion & Trading Outlook

Bearish Case (More Likely)

  • The price is in a clear downtrend, trading below key moving averages.
  • Strong selling pressure dominates the order flow.
  • MACD and RSI confirm the bearish momentum.
  • Potential Next Targets:
    • Immediate support at 25.000
    • If broken, a further decline towards 24.500-24.000 is possible.

Bullish Case (Less Likely – Needs Confirmation)

  • RSI and Stochastic Oscillator indicate oversold conditions, which may cause a short-term bounce.
  • A rebound toward the 26.500-27.000 range is possible, but only if buying pressure increases.

Final Recommendation:

  • Short-term traders: Wait for confirmation before entering long positions.
  • Swing traders: Look for a breakdown below 25.000 to confirm further downside potential.
  • Long-term investors: Monitor for signs of reversal before considering accumulation.

Confidence Level: 95%
Fiscal Years
Fiscal YearPeriod EndingReport DateRestatement Type
FY 2022Dec-31-2022Mar-01-2023Reclassified
FY 2023Dec-31-2023Mar-03-2024Reclassified
FY 2024Dec-31-2024Mar-02-2025Original
Current/LTMApr-01-2025Apr-01-2025Current/LTM
Key Financials
MetricFY 2022FY 2023FY 2024Current/LTM
Total Revenues3,273.8 M4,842.9 M6,644.7 M6,644.7 M
YoY Growth %23.90 %47.93 %37.20 %37.20 %
Gross Profit520.8 M1,488.9 M1,875.2 M1,875.2 M
Gross Profit Margin15.91 %30.74 %28.22 %28.22 %
EBITDA100.4 M1,032.6 M1,293.8 M1,293.8 M
EBITDA Margin3.07 %21.32 %19.47 %19.47 %
Net Income(3.2) M446.3 M890.3 M890.3 M
Net Income Margin(0.10) %9.22 %13.40 %13.40 %
Diluted EPS(0.04)5.5811.1311.13
YoY Growth %99.50 %99.50 %
Price / Earnings – P/E4.7 x2.9 x2.3 x
Capital Structure
MetricFY 2022FY 2023FY 2024Current/LTM
Market Capitalization555.2 M1,999.9 M2,589.6 M2,053.6 M
Cash & Equivalents498.0 M456.3 M352.2 M352.2 M
Total Debt1,680.5 M1,913.7 M1,617.5 M1,617.5 M
Preferred Equity
Minority Interest57.3 M76.3 M122.0 M122.0 M
Enterprise Value – EV1,753.9 M3,533.5 M3,976.9 M3,440.9 M
Cash Flow Analysis
MetricFY 2022FY 2023FY 2024Current/LTM
Cash from Operations169.0 M137.3 M537.1 M537.1 M
YoY Growth %256.08 %(18.77) %291.31 %291.31 %
Capital Expenditure(103.8) M(264.4) M(285.0) M(285.0) M
YoY Growth %58.84 %154.80 %7.77 %7.77 %
Revenues
MetricFY 2022FY 2023FY 2024Current/LTM
Total Revenues3,273.8 M4,842.9 M6,644.7 M6,644.7 M
YoY Growth23.90 %47.93 %37.20 %37.20 %
Finance Division Revenues
Insurance Division Revenues
Other Revenues
Gross Profit
MetricFY 2022FY 2023FY 2024Current/LTM
Cost of Revenues2,752.9 M3,354.0 M4,769.5 M4,769.5 M
Gross Profit (Loss)520.8 M1,488.9 M1,875.2 M1,875.2 M
YoY Growth8.94 %185.86 %25.95 %25.95 %
Operating Income & Expenses
MetricFY 2022FY 2023FY 2024Current/LTM
Selling, General & Admin Expenses507.7 M520.0 M668.0 M668.0 M
R&D Expenses
Depreciation & Amortization
Other Operating Expenses10.5 M30.6 M56.3 M56.3 M
Operating Income2.7 M938.3 M1,150.9 M1,150.9 M
Net Interest Expense
MetricFY 2022FY 2023FY 2024Current/LTM
Interest Expense(100.1) M(248.8) M(275.0) M(275.0) M
Interest and Investment Income5.0 M6.9 M6.9 M
Earnings Before Taxes (EBT)
MetricFY 2022FY 2023FY 2024Current/LTM
Income (Loss) on Equity Affiliates1.0 M1.0 M
Other Non-Operating Income (Expenses)(104.2) M
Assets
MetricFY 2022FY 2023FY 2024Current/LTM
Total Cash And Short Term Investments498.0 M456.3 M352.2 M352.2 M
Cash And Equivalents498.0 M456.3 M352.2 M352.2 M
Short Term Investments
Trading Asset Securities
Total Receivables832.6 M1,050.0 M1,285.5 M1,285.5 M
Accounts Receivable483.7 M758.8 M872.2 M872.2 M
Other Receivables135.7 M187.0 M265.3 M265.3 M
Inventory1,238.2 M1,597.0 M2,543.4 M2,543.4 M
Restricted Cash
Prepaid Expenses14.7 M17.4 M41.0 M41.0 M
Other Current Assets103.0 M112.4 M117.4 M117.4 M
Total Current Assets2,686.4 M3,233.0 M4,339.5 M4,339.5 M
Net Property Plant And Equipment1,997.6 M2,204.6 M3,378.2 M3,378.2 M
Gross Property Plant And Equipment3,782.2 M4,285.3 M6,004.8 M6,004.8 M
Accumulated Depreciation(1,784.7) M(2,080.7) M(2,626.6) M(2,626.6) M
Long-term Investments0.0 M0.0 M0.0 M0.0 M
Goodwill
Other Intangibles10.9 M17.4 M29.7 M29.7 M
Loans Receivable Long-Term0.5 M0.4 M
Deferred Tax Assets Long-Term
Deferred Charges Long-Term
Other Long-Term Assets
Total Assets4,695.5 M5,455.4 M7,747.4 M7,747.4 M
Liabilities
MetricFY 2022FY 2023FY 2024Current/LTM
Accounts Payable464.7 M428.6 M755.9 M755.9 M
Accrued Expenses262.2 M367.6 M437.1 M437.1 M
Current Portion of Long-Term Debt71.4 M100.0 M200.0 M200.0 M
Current Portion of Leases16.4 M23.8 M35.4 M35.4 M
Current Income Taxes Payable41.4 M151.6 M280.3 M280.3 M
Unearned Revenue Current, Total
Other Current Liabilities213.8 M205.5 M270.0 M270.0 M
Total Current Liabilities2,317.2 M2,664.6 M2,897.2 M2,897.2 M
Long-Term Debt273.9 M317.4 M355.9 M355.9 M
Long-Term Leases71.5 M85.0 M107.7 M107.7 M
Unearned Revenue Non Current
Deferred Tax Liability Non Current111.2 M312.1 M520.4 M520.4 M
Other Non Current Liabilities21.3 M3.1 M9.6 M9.6 M
Total Liabilities2,795.1 M3,382.3 M3,890.8 M3,890.8 M
Common Equity
MetricFY 2022FY 2023FY 2024Current/LTM
Common Equity1,843.1 M1,996.9 M3,734.6 M3,734.6 M
Common Stock400.0 M400.0 M400.0 M400.0 M
Additional Paid In Capital181.2 M181.2 M181.2 M181.2 M
Retained Earnings(319.9) M126.4 M991.3 M991.3 M
Treasury Stock(25.4) M
Comprehensive Income and Other1,581.8 M1,314.7 M2,162.1 M2,162.1 M
Total Equity1,900.4 M2,073.2 M3,856.6 M3,856.6 M
Total Liabilities And Equity4,695.5 M5,455.4 M7,747.4 M7,747.4 M
Supplemental Items
MetricFY 2022FY 2023FY 2024Current/LTM
ECS Total Shares Outstanding on Filing Date80.0 M76.8 M80.0 M80.0 M
ECS Total Common Shares Outstanding80.0 M76.8 M80.0 M80.0 M
Book Value / Share23.0426.0046.6846.68
Tangible Book Value1,832.2 M1,979.5 M3,704.9 M3,704.9 M
Tangible Book Value Per Share22.9025.7746.3146.31
Total Debt1,680.5 M1,913.7 M1,617.5 M1,617.5 M
Net Debt1,182.5 M1,457.4 M1,265.3 M1,265.3 M
Equity Method Investments0.0 M0.0 M0.0 M0.0 M
Operating & Non-Operating Items
MetricFY 2022FY 2023FY 2024Current/LTM
Depreciation & Amortization, Total109.5 M115.4 M175.0 M175.0 M
Depreciation & Amortization109.5 M115.4 M175.0 M175.0 M
Amortization of Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Net Income(3.2) M446.3 M890.3 M890.3 M
Cash from Operations – Net Income(3.2) M446.3 M890.3 M890.3 M
Depreciation & Amortization, Total (repeated)109.5 M115.4 M175.0 M175.0 M
(Gain) Loss From Sale Of Asset27.1 M(2.8) M(0.0) M(0.0) M
(Gain) Loss on Sale of Investments6.9 M
Amortization of Deferred Charges, Total1.2 M2.8 M4.1 M4.1 M
Asset Writedown & Restructuring Costs
Stock-Based Compensation
Other Operating Activities, Total248.7 M204.6 M(214.8) M(214.8) M
Change In Accounts Receivable(286.9) M(27.0) M(268.5) M(268.5) M
Change In Inventories(297.8) M(227.2) M(1,025.0) M(1,025.0) M
Change In Accounts Payable333.9 M(440.8) M940.4 M940.4 M
Change in Unearned Revenues
Change In Income Taxes
Change in Other Net Operating Assets29.7 M65.9 M35.6 M35.6 M
Cash from Operations (final)169.0 M137.3 M537.1 M537.1 M
Cash from Investing
MetricFY 2022FY 2023FY 2024Current/LTM
Capital Expenditure(103.8) M(264.4) M(285.0) M(285.0) M
Sale of Property, Plant, and Equipment19.2 M3.6 M0.0 M0.0 M
Cash Acquisitions
Divestitures
Investment in Mkt and Equity Securities, Total
Net (Increase) Decrease in Loans Orig / Sold
Other Investing Activities, Total
Cash from Investing (net)(87.1) M(264.8) M(291.1) M(291.1) M
Cash from Financing
MetricFY 2022FY 2023FY 2024Current/LTM
Total Debt Issued423.3 M218.9 M752.8 M752.8 M
Short Term Debt Issued, Total423.3 M140.2 M
Long-Term Debt Issued, Total78.6 M752.8 M752.8 M
Total Debt Repaid(33.4) M(107.6) M(1,102.7) M(1,102.7) M
Short Term Debt Repaid, Total(469.0) M(469.0) M
Long-Term Debt Repaid, Total(33.4) M(107.6) M(633.7) M(633.7) M
Issuance of Common Stock
Repurchase of Common Stock(25.4) M
Common & Preferred Stock Dividends Paid(46.8) M
Common Dividends Paid(46.8) M
Preferred Dividends Paid
Special Dividends Paid
Other Financing Activities(89.2) M30.0 M
Cash from Financing (net)254.0 M115.9 M(350.0) M(350.0) M
Net Change in Cash
MetricFY 2022FY 2023FY 2024Current/LTM
Foreign Exchange Rate Adjustments
Miscellaneous Cash Flow Adjustments
Net Change in Cash335.8 M(11.7) M(104.0) M(104.0) M
Supplemental Cash Flow Items
MetricFY 2022FY 2023FY 2024Current/LTM
Free Cash Flow65.2 M(127.2) M252.1 M252.1 M
Free Cash Flow per Share0.82(1.66)3.153.15
Cash Interest Paid105.1 M248.8 M281.9 M281.9 M
Cash Income Tax Paid (Refund)55.3 M41.4 M201.4 M201.4 M
Change In Net Working Capital260.2 M417.0 M620.6 M620.6 M
Net Debt Issued / Repaid390.0 M111.2 M(350.0) M(350.0) M
Valuation Metrics
MetricFY 2022FY 2023FY 2024Current/LTM
Sales | Revenues
EV / Sales (LTM)0.5 x0.7 x0.6 x0.5 x
EV / Sales (NTM)0.7 x0.5 x
Price / Sales (LTM)0.2 x0.4 x0.4 x0.3 x
Price / Sales (NTM)0.4 x0.3 x
Earnings
EV / EBITDA (LTM)15.6 x3.4 x3.0 x2.6 x
EV / EBITDA (NTM)3.6 x2.5 x
EV / EBIT (LTM)3.8 x3.5 x3.0 x
EV / EBIT (NTM)
Price / Earnings (LTM)4.7 x2.9 x2.3 x
Price / Earnings (NTM)9.0 x3.9 x
Book Value
Price / Book (LTM)0.3 x1.0 x0.7 x0.5 x
Price / Tangible Book Value (LTM)0.3 x1.0 x0.7 x0.6 x
MetricFY 2022FY 2023FY 2024Current/LTM
Market Capitalization555.2 M1,999.9 M2,589.6 M2,053.6 M
Cash & Short Term Investments498.0 M456.3 M352.2 M352.2 M
Total Debt1,680.5 M1,913.7 M1,617.5 M1,617.5 M
Preferred Equity
Minority Interest57.3 M76.3 M122.0 M122.0 M
Enterprise Value1,753.9 M3,533.5 M3,976.9 M3,440.9 M
Enterprise Value Multiples
EV / Sales0.5 x0.7 x0.6 x0.5 x
EV / EBITDA15.6 x3.4 x3.0 x2.6 x
EV / EBIT3.8 x3.5 x3.0 x
Capitalization
Total Capital3,580.9 M3,986.8 M5,474.1 M5,474.1 M
Total Common Equity1,843.1 M1,996.9 M3,734.6 M3,734.6 M
Total Preferred Equity
Total Debt1,680.5 M1,913.7 M1,617.5 M1,617.5 M
Minority Interest57.3 M76.3 M122.0 M122.0 M
Returns
Return on Total Capital0.05 %15.50 %15.21 %15.21 %
Total Debt / Total Capital46.9 %48.0 %29.5 %29.5 %
Total Debt / Equity88.4 %92.3 %41.9 %41.9 %
Total Debt / EBITDA15.0 x1.8 x1.2 x1.2 x
Long-Term Debt / Total Capital9.6 %10.1 %8.5 %8.5 %
Returns
Return on Assets0.04 %11.55 %10.90 %10.90 %
Return On Equity0.74 %23.80 %31.01 %31.01 %
Return on Total Capital0.05 %15.50 %15.21 %15.21 %
Return on Common Equity(0.19) %23.24 %31.07 %31.07 %
Margins
EBITDA Margin3.07 %21.32 %19.47 %19.47 %
EBITA Margin0.08 %19.37 %17.32 %17.32 %
EBIT Margin0.08 %19.37 %17.32 %17.32 %
EBT Margin
EBT Excl. Non-Recurring Items Margin
Gross Profit Margin15.91 %30.74 %28.22 %28.22 %
SG&A Margin14.21 %10.39 %9.94 %9.94 %
Net Income Margin(0.10) %9.22 %13.40 %13.40 %
Net Avail. For Common Margin(0.10) %9.22 %13.40 %13.40 %
Normalized Net Income Margin1.62 %7.90 %9.70 %9.70 %
Asset Turnovers
Receivables Turnover (Average Receivables)7.6 x7.8 x8.1 x8.1 x
Fixed Assets Turnover (Average Fixed Assets)1.8 x2.3 x2.4 x2.4 x
Inventory Turnover (Average Inventory)2.5 x2.4 x2.3 x2.3 x
Asset Turnover0.8 x1.0 x1.0 x1.0 x
Days Outstanding Inventory (Avg)146.8154.3158.9158.9
Short-term Liquidity
Current Ratio1.2 x1.2 x1.5 x1.5 x
Quick Ratio0.5 x0.5 x0.5 x0.5 x
Days Sales Outstanding (Average Receivables)48.046.844.944.9
Days Payable Outstanding (Avg)44.343.937.937.9
Cash Conversion Cycle (Average Days)150.5157.2165.9165.9
Operating Cash Flow to Current Liabilities0.1 %0.1 %0.2 %0.2 %
Return on Invested Capital (ROIC)
Net Operating Profit After Tax (NOPAT)(61.0) M724.3 M838.4 M838.4 M
Invested Capital, Average3,783.8 M4,730.5 M5,474.1 M
Return on Invested Capital (ROIC)19.14 %17.72 %15.32 %
Net Operating Profit After Tax (NOPAT) – repeated(61.0) M724.3 M838.4 M838.4 M
EBIT2.7 M938.3 M1,150.9 M1,150.9 M
Income Tax Expense63.7 M214.0 M312.5 M312.5 M
Net Operating Profit After Tax (NOPAT) – again(61.0) M724.3 M838.4 M838.4 M
Average Invested Capital (Components) Long Term Debt: 273.9 M
Short Term Debt: 1,318.7 M
Total Equity: 1,900.4 M
Current Portion of Leases: 16.4 M
Long Term Leases: 71.5 M
Long Term Debt: 317.4 M
Short Term Debt: 1,487.4 M
Total Equity: 2,073.2 M
Current Portion of Leases: 23.8 M
Long Term Leases: 85.0 M
Long Term Debt: 355.9 M
Short Term Debt: 1,118.5 M
Total Equity: 3,856.6 M
Current Portion of Leases: 35.4 M
Long Term Leases: 107.7 M
Long Term Debt: 355.9 M
Short Term Debt: 1,118.5 M
Total Equity: 3,856.6 M
Current Portion of Leases: 35.4 M
Long Term Leases: 107.7 M
Invested Capital3,580.9 M3,986.8 M5,474.1 M5,474.1 M
Invested Capital, Average3,783.8 M4,730.5 M5,474.1 M
Debt Analysis
Total Debt / Equity88.4 %92.3 %41.9 %41.9 %
Total Debt / Capital46.9 %48.0 %29.5 %29.5 %
Long-Term Debt / Equity18.2 %19.4 %12.0 %12.0 %
Long-Term Debt / Capital9.6 %10.1 %8.5 %8.5 %
Total Liabilities / Total Assets59.5 %62.0 %50.2 %50.2 %
Interest Rate Coverage
EBIT / Interest Expense0.0 x3.8 x4.1 x4.1 x
EBITDA / Interest Expense1.1 x4.2 x4.7 x4.7 x
(EBITDA – Capex) / Interest Expense0.1 x3.2 x3.7 x3.7 x
Debt Coverage
Total Debt / EBITDA15.0 x1.8 x1.2 x1.2 x
Net Debt / EBITDA10.5 x1.4 x1.0 x1.0 x
Total Debt / (EBITDA – Capex)199.9 x2.4 x1.6 x1.6 x
Net Debt / (EBITDA – Capex)140.7 x1.8 x1.2 x1.2 x
Bankruptcy Risk
Altman Z-Score0.801.752.042.04
Sources
  1. Bloomberg Terminal
  2. Reuters
  3. Investopedia
  4. Mckvay
  5. MarketWatch
  6. Trading Economics
  7. Acuity Knowledge Partners
  8. Koyfin
  9. Cboe Global Markets
  10. TradingView
  11. Central Bank Website
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Disclaimer

The information, content, and recommendations provided on this platform are intended solely for educational and informational purposes. Under no circumstances should they be construed as personalized investment advice, nor do they constitute a solicitation to buy, sell, or hold any financial instruments.

1. No Guarantee of Profit:

Trading in financial markets involves substantial risk, and there is no guarantee of profit or protection against losses. Past performance is not indicative of future results, and the potential for loss is real.

2. Independent Decision-Making:

All investment decisions are your sole responsibility. You are strongly encouraged to perform your own due diligence, research, and seek advice from a qualified financial professional before making any investment or trading decisions.

3. Market Risks:

Financial markets are inherently volatile and subject to numerous factors, including economic conditions, geopolitical events, and unforeseen circumstances. These factors may cause rapid and significant changes in market conditions that may impact your investments.

4. No Liability:

Mckvay Consulting and any associated parties shall not be held liable for any direct, indirect, or consequential damages resulting from reliance on the information provided. Any use of this platform is at your own risk.

5. Educational Purpose Only:

The content provided is designed to educate and inform about general market trends, analysis, and strategies. It is not intended to offer specific investment recommendations or actionable directives.

6. Accuracy of Information:

While we strive to provide accurate and up-to-date information, we cannot guarantee the completeness, accuracy, or reliability of the data or recommendations. Numbers, statistics, and projections may contain errors or be outdated. Always verify data from multiple sources before making decisions.

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You acknowledge that trading in financial instruments carries a high level of risk and may result in the loss of your entire investment. You should only invest money you can afford to lose.

8. Past Performance:

Historical data, performance charts, and any backtesting results provided are not predictive of future performance. Past results should not be used as an indication of future success.

9. No Endorsement:

The information provided does not imply endorsement or recommendation of any particular product, service, or financial instrument. Any action taken based on the provided content is solely at the discretion of the user.

10. Changes to Information:

The content, data, and recommendations on this platform may change without notice. We are not responsible for keeping the information current or for any losses arising from the use of outdated content.

11. External Links:

Any external websites or third-party links provided are not under the control of Mckvay Consulting. We are not responsible for the content, availability, or accuracy of such external sites.

12. No Warranty:

The platform, its content, and any services offered are provided “as is,” without any warranties, express or implied, including but not limited to the accuracy, completeness, or fitness for a particular purpose.

13. Consultation with Professionals:

It is essential to consult with qualified professionals, including but not limited to financial advisors, tax consultants, or attorneys, before making any investment decisions, particularly if you are unfamiliar with the risks of financial markets.

14. Simulated or Hypothetical Performance:

Simulated performance results or hypothetical returns may not reflect actual trading results and are often designed with the benefit of hindsight. These results may not account for the potential impact of financial market factors, such as transaction costs or liquidity constraints.

15. No Control Over Market Events:

Mckvay Consulting cannot control or predict unforeseen market events, and no one can predict market movements with certainty. Therefore, the possibility of significant losses due to unexpected market developments exists.

By using this platform, you acknowledge that you have read, understood, and agreed to the terms outlined in this disclaimer. You accept the inherent risks associated with trading and investing, and you agree to trade responsibly and within your financial capacity.


This disclaimer includes the professional tone and additional points to cover a wider range of legal and risk-related considerations, including the possibility of errors in data and the need for independent verification.


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